Editorial standard: We distinguish merchant claims from independent evidence and do not claim personal product testing unless explicitly stated.
Ingredient versus product evidence
FTC health-claim guidance warns against assuming that evidence on an isolated ingredient automatically substantiates claims for a finished multi-ingredient product.
What arnica tells you about a product
Arnica is useful as a formula-comparison signal: Balmorex highlights arnica oil, and Penetrex publishes arnica montana flower extract in its ingredient list.
How to evaluate a claim
Look for studies on the actual finished formulation, at the same concentration and route of administration, in people similar to the intended users, measuring the same outcome the marketer claims.