Editorial standard: We distinguish merchant claims from independent evidence and do not claim personal product testing unless explicitly stated.
Topical NSAIDs
Diclofenac is an NSAID used topically in certain arthritis products. This category targets inflammation and pain through NSAID pharmacology.
Counterirritants
Menthol and camphor create cooling, warming or tingling sensations that can change pain perception.
Capsaicin
Capsaicin affects pain-signaling pathways and can cause a burning sensation, especially when treatment begins.
Anesthetics
Lidocaine temporarily numbs local tissue and is used in a range of topical products.
Botanical-style creams
These combine plant extracts, oils and supporting ingredients. Their marketing may emphasize natural ingredients, but the evidence for the exact finished formula must be considered separately.