Topical NSAIDs
Diclofenac gels are topical NSAIDs. Mayo Clinic notes that topical NSAIDs have comparatively stronger evidence for osteoarthritis, especially joints near the skin such as hands and knees.
Counterirritants
Menthol and camphor products create cooling or warming sensations. They are common in OTC muscle and joint products.
Capsaicin
Capsaicin is derived from chili peppers and can produce burning or stinging. Repeated application may be needed before benefit is noticed.
Topical anesthetics
Lidocaine numbs locally and is used in certain OTC and prescription topical products. The right concentration and indication depend on the specific product.
Botanical-style creams
These products can include arnica, boswellia, MSM, essential oils and moisturizing bases. Ingredient familiarity should not be mistaken for proof that every finished formula produces the same outcome.